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Scientific razzi findings prove that no matter how we go back in time, always in history and cow - evidence of violence in human history. The bad news that brought 17 scholars from anthropology and other disciplines who participated in a conference on "Development of Human Aggression: Lessons from today's conflicts", held in February razzi 2009 at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The good news is that there is much to do to reduce the violent conflicts in the world today. Or in the words of France in M. de - and at Emory University, who participated in the conference: it is not "fate" razzi of human beings razzi "have destroyed forever."
De - Val, who studies primates (apes), reported that his observations on the deadly encounters between groups of chimpanzees, our family's closest genetic, confirmed the fatalistic belief holds that "war razzi is inherent in our genes." But de - and also said that the chimpanzees' must pursue peace ": they make up after the fight with hugs, kisses the hand and mouth, treating each other and cooperation in food. De - and explained that humans do, and the proof presented the picture of John McCain and George W. Bush hug, though terribly stilted smiles adorning their faces after a battle waged bitter internal elections in 2000.
According to de - Val, parties make up "when they realize they will be hurt if the relationship will continue to deteriorate." Observations indicate that chimpanzees groups competing for territory, and therefore tend deadly hostility to each other, almost never reconcile. But humans' interdependence between groups or nations is not uncommon. " To promote peace offers to countries to adopt economic interdependence, razzi using existing alliances like the European Union. Although the EU "did not cause the Germans and the French love each other," as a field - and admits he greatly reduced the likelihood of war in Europe.
Richard Wrangham, an anthropologist at Harvard University, agreed with de - and saying that violence primates is not compulsive or "instinctive" but "is largely influenced by the context in which they operate." One of the most obvious early signs of violence between the two groups of primates, from and Wrangham, is a state of unbalanced forces. Chimpanzees from one group always attack from another group details if attackers a huge advantage in numbers and therefore minimal risk of death or injury.
And Wrangham argues that despite the risks that people shy away from them as Mssuldim chimpanzees, behave so human societies, razzi hunters - gatherers to modern razzi nations such as the U.S.. Rival groups behave aggressively much worse when they are safe triumphant. Creating a balance of power between states may reduce the chance of war .
As well as controlling the size of the population, according to anthropologist Polly Wiesner University of Utah. Wiesner is an expert Wanga tribe who grow crops and pigs in the mountains of Papua New Guinea. They began to fight each other 200 years ago, then began to grow sweet potatoes, razzi which led to food surpluses and rapidly growing population. The mortality rate slowed after tribal elders instituted more rigorous laws of war, such as the prohibition on killing or maiming women.
Penetration of modern medicine clone manga 25 years ago has reduced child mortality, leading L"frtz Youth "New and increase tribal clashes. The death rate soared, according to Wiesner, because razzi that Wanga now fighting with rifles and machine guns instead razzi of sticks, knives and spears - the traditional weapons of the tribe. Moreover, young professional killers razzi called "Rmboaim" razzi rent their services to tribes in exchange for money, or to many young women. Wiesner razzi raises the possibility that the reduction in fertility and providing "substantial progress choices in life," the young men reduce the violence.
Even the climate in violence. This conclusion is the study of Patricia Lambert Tz'ums tribe, a hunter - gatherers inhabited Southern California beaches for thousands of years until the European settlers arrived. Skeletons Tz'ums razzi many signs of violence, such as skull fractures and arrowheads and spear points stuck in the skeleton. According to Lambert, an anthropologist at the University of Utah, examination razzi of tree rings and more evidence razzi suggests that violence among Htz'ums increased during times of drought.
Lambert wishes to draw your attention that the drought, which could proliferate due to global warming, has been causing conflicts around the world today. To substantiate her claim, she pulls out a picture of a well in Somalia. So far, 250 Somalis were killed in the battles for control of this bar. To avoid such conflicts, says Lambert, governments worry about equitable distribution of water and other resources.
The lecturer was most optimistic psychologist Steven Pinker, who claimed, contrary to many scientists in the past, that the level of violence in our time is much lower than it was during the period when modern states were created 10,000 years ago. Pinker explained that polls ethnographic and archaeological evidence, over 30% of the people died in tribal violence group. This rate is ten times higher than the number of Europeans and North Americans killed in wars and their related events during the 20th century bloody.
Pinker suggests some possible reasons. First, due to the long life expectancy, we are less prepared to risk their lives in violent activities. Q